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In late March 1865, Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman, commander of the Union army “District of East Tennessee,” marched throughout western North Carolina during one of the longest cavalry raids in history. About 5,000 men under Stoneman’s command entered North Carolina with a mission “to destroy and not to fight battles” in order to expedite the close of the Civil War. Stoneman’s raid coincided with the raids of General William T. Sherman in the eastern sections of the state, stretching local home guard and militia units thinly across the state and forcing Confederate commanders to make hard choices on where their men were needed most.
Stoneman divided his men and sent detachments throughout the region, securing the destruction of the region’s factories, bridges and railroad lines. The army relied heavily on local citizens for food and supplies, often emptying storehouses. Stoneman’s raids in North Carolina lasted from late March until May when they assisted in the search for Confederate President Jefferson Davis as he fled the collapsed Confederacy. The men had marched more than 1,000 miles during the raid and historians credit their march with assuring the death of the Confederacy as they captured artillery pieces and took thousands of prisoners while destroying Confederate army supplies and blocking a line of possible retreat for both Lee and Johnston’s armies.
Stoneman’s mission was to destroy Confederate supply lines and one of his targets was the town of Salisbury. Despite some strong resistance, Stoneman’s men were able to occupy Salisbury on April 12th. The Federal troops quickly destroyed Confederate supplies and factories. The supplies destroyed by the Union forces filled four squares of the city and the blaze could be seen 15 miles away. Destroyed in the fire was thousands of pounds of bacon, bushels of corn and wheat, medical supplies, weapons, powder, uniforms, and harness leather. Also destroyed in the blaze were four cotton factories and the prison. Their objective accomplished, Stoneman and his men only stayed in Salisbury for one day before moving to destroy additional supply points.
References:
Mark A. Snell, ed., North Carolina: The Final Battles (1998)
John G. Barrett, The Civil War in North Carolina (1963)
Cornelia Phillips Spencer, The Last Ninety Days of the War in North Carolina (1866)
Ina Van Noppen, Stoneman’s Last Raid (1961)
Vernon H. Crow, Storm in the Mountains (1982)
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